The Standard Error (σp) and Data Precision
Calculate a proportion’s standard error and recognise when dependence or study design changes its interpretation.
WORKSAMP · LEARNING RESOURCES
Work Sampling guides
Practical guides to design observations, interpret results and apply work sampling with clear assumptions.
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Statistical foundations
Sample size, precision, confidence intervals and the limits of inference.
Explore guidesStudy design
Observation plans, categories, routes and reliable data capture.
Explore guidesResults and decisions
Proportions, time, capacity and improvement decisions grounded in data.
Explore guidesIndustry applications
Examples and limits in manufacturing, maintenance and services.
Explore guidesIndustrial management
Tools, organization and context for putting a study into practice.
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Showing 73–84 of 92
Confidence Level: 95% or 99%?
Choose between 95% and 99% confidence while accounting for precision, cost and sampling-design assumptions.
Sample Size Calculation (n): The Essential Formula
Plan observations from confidence, absolute precision and an anticipated proportion, with rounding and model limitations.
Root Cause Analysis with Hierarchical Taxonomy
Organise causes and activities into a useful taxonomy and understand the additional checks required for causal analysis.
Hawthorne Effect: Reducing Observer Reactivity
Understand observer reactivity and reduce it without claiming that randomisation or a large sample eliminates it.
Validating the 99% Confidence Level in Studies
What changes when planning a study at 99% confidence: critical value, precision, sample size and assumptions.
Work Sampling in Service and Office Environments
Study activity distribution in offices without equating visible presence with knowledge-work quality or productivity.
SCADA System Audit Using Observations
Compare SCADA states with observations while accounting for time alignment and each system’s definitions.
The Domino Effect in Unbalanced Lines
Analyse waiting and blocking in unbalanced lines using flow data and contextualised observations.
Relative vs. Absolute Precision in Sample Design
Convert relative into absolute precision and plan a sample consistent with the proportion to be estimated.
Wrench Time: Efficiency in Technical Maintenance
What wrench time measures, how to define its categories and why it cannot alone assess quality, safety or individual productivity.
Interference Analysis in Manufacturing Cells
Investigate interference between people and equipment using observations, event sequences and capacity data.
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